Hormonal crossroads of the heart: from classic endocrine regulation to cardiac hormone secretion: an updated review
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P Iglesias, I Iglesias
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2025
Springer
Background The concept of the heart as both a target and source of hormones has reshaped cardiovascular and endocrine medicine. Classic endocrine axes—including pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal hormones, govern cardiac growth, contractility, metabolism, and stress adaptation. Endocrine disorders such as thyroid dysfunction, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, diabetes, and obesity frequently present with distinct cardiovascular phenotypes. Conversely, cardiac disease induces systemic endocrine disturbances, from …
